Subversion of host cellular processes by the melioidosis pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei
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Date
02/07/2016Author
Vander Broek, Charles William
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Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is an intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of
melioidosis, a severe disease of humans and animals. One of the virulence factors
critical for early stages of infection is the Burkholderia secretion apparatus
(Bsa) Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS), a molecular syringe that injects bacterial
proteins, called effectors, into eukaryotic cells where they subvert cellular
functions to the benefit of the bacteria. Although the Bsa T3SS itself is known
to be important for host cell invasion, intracellular replication, and virulence,
only a few genuine effector proteins have been identified and the complete
repertoire of proteins secreted by the system has not yet been fully characterized.
The aims of this study are twofold. The first is to expand the repertoire
of known effector proteins using modern proteomics techniques. The second
is to explore the function of a subset of effector proteins to better understand
their interaction with host cells.
Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ), a gel-free
quantitative proteomics technique, was used to compare the secreted protein
profiles of the Bsa T3SS hyper-secreting mutants of B. pseudomallei with the isogenic
parent strain as well as a mutant incapable of effector protein secretion.
This study provides one of the most comprehensive core secretomes of B. pseudomallei
described to date and identified 26 putative Bsa-dependent secreted
proteins that may be considered candidate effectors. Two of these proteins,
BprD and BapA, were validated as novel effector proteins secreted by the Bsa
T3SS of B. pseudomallei. To determine the possible function of two effector proteins,
BipC and BapA, a yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify host
cell proteins the effectors interact with. The proteins were screened against a
library of human proteins for interactions. BapA interacted with 2 proteins
while BipC interacted with 14. Both BapA and BipC were shown to interact
with human C1QBP, a mitochondrial protein involved in inflammation, immunity
and autophagy.
Finally, the Bsa T3SS protein BipC was characterised in its ability to interact
with actin. This study is the first evidence that BipC has the ability to bind
to filamentous actin, but not monomeric actin. This binding is direct and no
intermediate proteins are required for the interaction. Ectopic expression of
BipC in eukaryotic cells caused cytoskeletal rearrangements consistent with
an actin-binding protein.
The core secretome represents a substantial resource of targets that will be
mined for improved diagnostic assays and vaccines. Diagnostics that will detect
early stages of disease to allow for more effective antimicrobial intervention
are currently lacking. Furthermore, there is scope to design diagnostic
assays with dual use such as to detect both melioidosis and infection of cystic
fibrosis patients with the closely related opportunistic pathogen B. cepacia. The
description of novel T3SS effector proteins is also of considerable value since
T3SS proteins are often potent B- and T- cell antigens representing promising
components of sub-unit vaccines. Such effector proteins commonly modulate
cellular processes such as phagocytosis, inflammasome activation and cell cycle
progression, hence the function of the predicted T3SS effectors will provide
a series of future research opportunities.