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Studies on the clinical epidemiology and pathophysiology of anaemia and blood transfusion in critically ill and elective orthopaedic patients

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IbrahimEEDSMI_2005redux.pdf (44.47Mb)
Date
2005
Author
Ibrahim, Ezz Eldin Saleh Mohamed
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Abstract
 
 
Anaemia commonly complicates surgery and critical illness. This thesis comprised four studies ofthis important clinical problem. Thefirst study was a retrospective study based in a major teaching hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Three existing datasets were merged to provide a study dataset that described the demographics and severity of illness for a cohort of critically ill patients (n = 489). The epidemiology of anaemia during ICU admission to death or discharge home from hospital was described. 81.5% of patients were discharged anaemic to the community after surviving critical illness. 35.5% had a haemoglobin concentration <100g/L. 82% of patients had normocytic normochromic blood indices at hospital discharge. The second study was a prospective observational study that further investigated blood transfusion practice in a cohort of patients (n = 185) after ICU discharge. 72.2 % of these patients were discharged home anaemic; 83% had normocytic normochromic blood indices at hospital discharge. These data confirmed the retrospective analysis. Hospital physicians used restrictive transfusion practice after ICU discharge; the median pre-transfusion Hb was 74 g/L (interquartile range: 68-76 g/L). The third study measured red blood cell 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels and P50, which both reflect the ability of red cells to deliver oxygen to tissues, in a prospective cohort of 111 patients admitted to the ICU. Factors that were associated with 2,3-DPG and P50 were investigated. The data showed that critically ill patients have lower levels of 2,3-DPG compared with normal healthy controls. Red cell 2,3-DPG during critical illness had a strong association with patients' acid base status. Acidemia was strongly associated with low DPG concentrations, which was counterintuitive. 2,3-DPG concentration had the strongest association with P50 raising the possibility that oxygen unloading could be impaired in critically ill patients. The fourth study merged several large existing databases to document the incidence, patterns, and likely aetiology of anaemia and the incidence of red cell transfusion in patients presenting for elective major orthopaedic surgery. The dataset comprised approximately 3500 patients presenting over one year to a single orthopaedic hospital. The relation between pre-operative haemoglobin status, other factors, and peri-operative transfusion was investigated. 17 % of patients with known pre¬ admission Hb levels were anaemic. Most ofthese patients (64%) had normocytic normochromic anaemia. 303 patients received a total of 838 red cell units. Low per-admission Hb levels were common among those who were transfused during hospital admission.
 
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29169
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  • Edinburgh Medical School thesis and dissertation collection

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