Computational treatment of superlatives
Abstract
The use of gradable adjectives and adverbs represents an important means of expressing
comparison in English. The grammatical forms of comparatives and superlatives
are used to express explicit orderings between objects with respect to the degree to
which they possess some gradable property. While comparatives are commonly used
to compare two entities (e.g., “The blue whale is larger than an African elephant”),
superlatives such as “The blue whale is the largest mammal” are used to express a
comparison between a target entity (here, the blue whale) and its comparison set (the
set of mammals), with the target ranked higher or lower on a scale of comparison than
members of the comparison set. Superlatives thus highlight the uniqueness of the target
with respect to its comparison set.
Although superlatives are frequently found in natural language, with the exception of
recent work by (Bos and Nissim, 2006) and (Jindal and Liu, 2006b), they have not yet
been investigated within a computational framework. And within the framework of
theoretical linguistics, studies of superlatives have mainly focused on semantic properties
that may only rarely occur in natural language (Szabolsci (1986), Heim (1999)).
My PhD research aims to pave the way for a comprehensive computational treatment
of superlatives. The initial question I am addressing is that of automatically extracting
useful information about the target entity, its comparison set and their relationship
from superlative constructions. One of the central claims of the thesis is that no unified
computational treatment of superlatives is possible because of their great semantic
complexity and the variety of syntactic structures in which they occur. I propose a
classification of superlative surface forms, and initially focus on so-called “ISA superlatives”,
which make explicit the IS-A relation that holds between target and comparison
set. They are suitable for a computational approach because both their target
and comparison set are usually explicitly realised in the text.
I also aim to show that the findings of this thesis are of potential benefit for NLP applications
such as Question Answering, Natural Language Generation, Ontology Learning,
and Sentiment Analysis/Opinion Mining. In particular, I investigate the use of the
“Superlative Relation Extractor“ implemented in this project in the area of Sentiment
Analysis/Opinion Mining, and claim that a superlative analysis of the sort presented
in this thesis, when applied to product evaluations and recommendations, can provide
just the kind of information that Opinion Mining aims to identify.