Fate of Steroid Estrogens in Australian Inland and Coastal Wastewater Treatment Plants
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Date
2005Author
Braga, Olga
Smythe, George A.
Schäfer, Andrea
Feitz, Andrew J.
Metadata
Abstract
A comparison of estrone (E1), 17b-estradiol (E2) and 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2) removal at a coastal
enhanced primary and inland advanced sewage treatment plant (STP) is reported. The average
concentration of estrogens in the raw sewage is similar to reports in other studies. The sequential batch
reactor at the advanced STP removed on average 85% of the incoming E1 and 96% of the E2. Further
removal was observed during later microfiltration with the estrogen concentration below detection
(<0.1 ng.L-1) after reverse osmosis. Some 6% of the influent E1+E2 was removed in the waste activated
sludge. The detection of EE2 in the waste activated sludge (0.42 ng.g-1 solids dry weight), undetectable
in the raw sewage, suggests that EE2 is resistant to biological treatment in the sequential batch reactor
and is primarily removed due to sorption. Little estrogen removal was observed at the enhanced
primary with only 7% of E1 and 0% of E2 removed. Low removal is expected based on the degree of
estrogens partitioning in the organic fraction given the relatively low solids concentration, but
surprisingly, some 43% of E2, 24% of E1 and 100% of EE2 remains associated with the solids fraction
in the treated effluent. Further research is necessary to determine whether the low level of estrogen
removal for the coastal treatment plant will adversely affect the receiving marine environment.