Kendall, Marilyn

Ross, Michael

Dawson, Lesley

Fallon, Marie

Jeffrey, David Ian

2018-06-06T12:08:05Z

2018-06-06T12:08:05Z

2018-06-30

Contribution The main contribution offered by my research is an increased understanding of medical students’ perceptions of empathy and the factors that influence this. By using an innovative method in medical education research, the study contributes to research methodology. Background Empathy is accepted as a fundamental part of the patient-doctor relationship and essential for effective clinical care. Current societal opinions are that some healthcare professionals lack empathy and that medical students become less empathetic during their training, although the reasons for this are not understood. If this perceived decline is to be addressed, medical educators need to understand students’ perspectives of the factors that influence their empathy. Aims of the research The study sought to gain a deeper understanding of the development of medical students’ empathy and the factors influencing this during their undergraduate training. It is hoped that this understanding may lead to improvements in medical education and patient care. Methods Ethical approval for the study was granted by the University. A phenomenological approach was adopted, which involved listening to the students’ views and experiences of their course. Serial, semi-structured, indepth, interviews were conducted with sixteen medical students. Each year the student completed an hour-long interview over three years. One group of eight students were followed during the preclinical years of the course (years 1-3) and the other group, during the clinical years (years 4-6). The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded using qualitative data analysis software (N Vivo), and analysed using an interpretative phenomenological approach. Findings The students in the preclinical years described empathy as a personal attribute, emphasising its emotional dimension. In the clinical years, students viewed empathy differently: as a complex relational process with the patient, which varied in depth and quality according to the clinical context. They described the tensions between connecting with and detachment from a patient. Students indicated influences which enhanced their empathy, including patient contact and positive role models. They also identified barriers to empathy, including: the medical school culture, a biomedical bias in the curriculum, a lack of patient contact, negative role models and teaching of professionalism as distancing from patients. The preclinical group of students reported gaining in self-confidence during their course. The clinical group described how their empathy with patients had increased but they detected a conflict between empathy and efficiency. Conclusions The use of an innovative longitudinal, phenomenological approach in medical education research generated new understanding of a complex interpersonal view of empathy and highlighted aspects of a ‘hidden curriculum’. The students maintained that their contact with patients was the most useful way of developing empathy. They expressed a desire to connect emotionally with patients but were uncertain how to balance this connection with professional detachment. They described a marked biomedical emphasis in their course and perceived that teaching on professionalism encouraged a distancing from patients. In contrast to the widely-reported opinion that there has been a decline in medical students’ empathy, this study suggested that students perceived that their empathy increased during their training. However, some students had learned distancing behaviours to hide their empathetic feelings. In the light of this research, it is hoped that medical educators will develop ways of supporting students to deal appropriately with their own emotions and those of patients.

http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31078

en

The University of Edinburgh

JEFFREY, D. 2000. Cancer: from Cure to Care, Manchester, Hochland and Hochland.

JEFFREY, D. 2014. Medical Mentoring: Supporting Students,Doctors in Training and General Practitioners, London, Royal College of General Practitioners.

JEFFREY, D. 2016. Clarifying empathy:the first step to more humane clinical care. British Journal of General Practice, 66, 101-102.

JEFFREY, D. 2016. A duty of kindness. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 109, 261-263.

JEFFREY, D. 2016. Empathy, sympathy and compassion in healthcare:is there a problem?Is there a difference?does it matter? Journal Royal Society Medicine, 109, 446-452.

JEFFREY, D. 2016. A meta-ethnography of interview-based qualitative research studies on medical students’ views and experiences of empathy. Medical Teacher, 38, 1214-1220.

JEFFREY, D. & DOWNIE, R. 2016. Empathy-Can it be taught? J.R.Coll Physicians Edinb., 46, 107-112.

JEFFREY, E. & JEFFREY, D. 2013. Enhancing Compassion in End-of-Life Care Through Drama : The Silent Treatment, London, Radcliffe Publishing.

JEFFREY D 2017 Communicating with a human voice: developing a relational view of empathy. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 47,266- 270.

medical students

empathy

medical education

medical school culture

sympathy

compassion

Exploring empathy with medical students: a qualitative longitudinal phenomenological study

Thesis or Dissertation

Doctoral

PhD Doctor of Philosophy