Advanced GIS techniques for demographic visualisation: Lexis surfaces analysis of Japan and the United States

Abstract

This study explores the application of Lexis surfaces to analyse demographic trends in the United States and Japan, focusing on spatial and temporal patterns in fertility and mortality. By employing visualization techniques, the research addresses gaps in understanding demographic shifts. Data from the Human Mortality and Human Fertility Databases contextualize differences and similarities between the two countries. Lexis surfaces effectively depict demographic events over time, offering insights into temporal relationships and the influence of cultural norms and health policies. The methodology involves using ESRI Model Builder to construct Lexis surfaces, enabling visual representation of historical demographic data. Findings reveal distinct fertility and mortality patterns influenced by socio-economic factors, healthcare access, and cultural practices. In the U.S., the introduction of the contraceptive pill significantly impacted fertility rates, while in Japan, cultural beliefs and family planning policies shaped demographic trends. Additionally, both countries note increasing fertility rates among older women due to medical advancements and evolving societal norms.

Mortality trends indicate aging populations with improved life expectancy and declining child mortality, reflecting healthcare and socio-economic advancements. This research highlights the importance of GIS-enhanced Lexis surfaces in public health policy and resource allocation, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. Future research should address data aggregation limitations and explore integrating spatial data with Lexis surfaces through GIS, enhancing demographic trend analysis.