Rise of contemporary spirituality in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

This thesis investigates the emergence of contemporary spirituality in Saudi Arabia. It seeks to understand the nature of spirituality disseminated in the region and the factors that have motivated its increasing popularity in an unusually conservative society in its attitudes towards religion. Using qualitative research, this thesis examines semi-structured interviews with eleven individuals engaged in spiritual activities in Saudi society. Prior to examining the reasons for its growth, this thesis provides a brief view of the historical development of the term ‘spirituality’ and traces its introduction into Saudi society in the mid-1990s. In so doing, this thesis reveals that contemporary spirituality, which developed in the 19th century, is frequently referred to as a repackaging of traditions that differ from traditional organised religions in order to accommodate the needs of modern societies. It is a combination of different cultures’ traditions, ranging from specific physical practices to elements of Sufī faith and Eastern philosophy concepts. The majority of participants believe that their use of spiritual teachings is influenced by their repackaging through forms of ambiguity, Islamisation and scientific frameworks. Additionally, they explain that their use of spiritual activities is a response to the need for solutions to unresolved issues and the ignorance of Islamic teachings. Finally, many external authorities introduced contemporary spirituality to participants and reinforced their use of its practices. Participants discussed not only how Western spiritual teachings are transmitted by various means, but also how they are marketed and distributed, contributing to their popularity. In addition, spiritual instructors have been responsible for conveying these teachings in a variety of ways.